When building REST APIs or web applications in Go, one of the essential tasks is validating incoming request data. Having worked on various small to medium-sized projects in Golang—most of which are microservices providing RESTful APIs—I’ve employed several approaches to handle data validation. Among these, there’s one method I frequently rely on. For validating application/json or text/plain requests, I begin by defining a struct type to represent the specific request payload. Then, I implement a Validate method on that struct to encapsulate the validation logic. ...

Today, I’m going to build a simple API for a to-do application using the Go programming language. For this, I’ll use Gin, one of Go’s simplest and fastest web frameworks, and Gorm, a powerful and flexible ORM for database operations. To get started, you’ll need to install these packages. Navigate to your workspace directory ($GOPATH/src) and run the following commands: $ go get gopkg.in/gin-gonic/gin.v1 $ go get -u github.com/jinzhu/gorm $ go get github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql In generic crud application we need the API’s as follows: ...

When building APIs with Laravel, enabling throttling is essential to protect your endpoints from scraping or other malicious activities. By default, Laravel’s throttle middleware limits API requests and responds with an HTML message containing “Too Many Attempts” when the limit is exceeded. To customize this response—for instance, returning a JSON-formatted error message—you can follow these steps: Create a new file named ThrottleRequestsMiddleware.php in the app/Http/Middleware/ directory. Paste the following code into the newly created file: <?php namespace App\Http\Middleware; use Closure; use Illuminate\Cache\RateLimiter; use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response; class ThrottleRequestsMiddleware { /** * The rate limiter instance. * * @var \Illuminate\Cache\RateLimiter */ protected $limiter; /** * Create a new request throttler. * * @param \Illuminate\Cache\RateLimiter $limiter */ public function __construct(RateLimiter $limiter) { $this->limiter = $limiter; } /** * Handle an incoming request. * * @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request * @param \Closure $next * @param int $maxAttempts * @param int $decayMinutes * @return mixed */ public function handle($request, Closure $next, $maxAttempts = 60, $decayMinutes = 1) { $key = $this->resolveRequestSignature($request); if ($this->limiter->tooManyAttempts($key, $maxAttempts, $decayMinutes)) { return $this->buildResponse($key, $maxAttempts); } $this->limiter->hit($key, $decayMinutes); $response = $next($request); return $this->addHeaders( $response, $maxAttempts, $this->calculateRemainingAttempts($key, $maxAttempts) ); } /** * Resolve request signature. * * @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request * @return string */ protected function resolveRequestSignature($request) { return $request->fingerprint(); } /** * Create a 'too many attempts' response. * * @param string $key * @param int $maxAttempts * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response */ protected function buildResponse($key, $maxAttempts) { $message = json_encode([ 'error' => [ 'message' => 'Too many attempts, please slow down the request.' //may comes from lang file ], 'status' => 4029 //your custom code ]); $response = new Response($message, 429); $retryAfter = $this->limiter->availableIn($key); return $this->addHeaders( $response, $maxAttempts, $this->calculateRemainingAttempts($key, $maxAttempts, $retryAfter), $retryAfter ); } /** * Add the limit header information to the given response. * * @param \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response $response * @param int $maxAttempts * @param int $remainingAttempts * @param int|null $retryAfter * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response */ protected function addHeaders(Response $response, $maxAttempts, $remainingAttempts, $retryAfter = null) { $headers = [ 'X-RateLimit-Limit' => $maxAttempts, 'X-RateLimit-Remaining' => $remainingAttempts, ]; if (!is_null($retryAfter)) { $headers['Retry-After'] = $retryAfter; $headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json'; } $response->headers->add($headers); return $response; } /** * Calculate the number of remaining attempts. * * @param string $key * @param int $maxAttempts * @param int|null $retryAfter * @return int */ protected function calculateRemainingAttempts($key, $maxAttempts, $retryAfter = null) { if (!is_null($retryAfter)) { return 0; } return $this->limiter->retriesLeft($key, $maxAttempts); } } Then go to your kernel.php file in app/Http/ directory and replace ...